Java IO reader and writer

Java IO's Reader and Writer work much like the InputStream and OutputStream with the exception that Reader and Writer are character based. They are intended for reading and writing text. The InputStream and OutputStream were byte based, remember?
Reader
The Reader is the baseclass of all Reader 's in the Java IO API. Subclasses include a BufferedReader , PushbackReader etc.
Here is a simple example:

    Reader reader = new FileReader();

    int data = reader.read();
    while(data != -1){
        char dataChar = (char) data;
        data = reader.read();
    }

Notice, that while an InputStream returns one byte at a time, meaning a value between -128 and 127, the Reader returns a char at a time, meaning a value between 0 and 65535. This does not necessarily mean that the Reader reads two bytes at a time from the source it is connected to. It may read one or more bytes at a time, depending on the encoding of the text being read.
A Reader can be combined with an InputStream . If you have an InputStream and want to read characters from it, you can wrap it in an InputStreamReader . Pass the InputStream to the constructor of the InputStreamReader like this:

Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(inputStream);

In the constructor you can also specify what character set to use to decode the text etc. More on that in the text on InputStreamReader .
Writer
The Writer class is the baseclass of all Writer 's in the Java IO API. Subclasses include BufferedWriter and PrintWriter among others.
Here is a simple example:

Writer writer = new FileWriter("c:\\data\\file-output.txt");

writer.write("Hello World Writer");
writer.close();

A Writer can be combined with an OutputStream just like Readers and InputStream 's. Wrap the OutputStream in an OutputStreamWriter and all characters written to the Writer are passed on to the OutputStream . Here is how that looks:

Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream);

Combining Readers and Writers
Just like with streams, Reader 's and Writer 's can be combined into chains to achieve more interesting IO. It works just like combining the Reader with InputStream 's or the Writer with OutputStream 's. For instance, you can achieve buffering by wrapping a Reader in a BufferedReader , or a Writer in a BufferedWriter . Here are two such examples:

Reader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(...));

Writer writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(...)