《Linux学习笔记——整理自马哥Linux运维》完了待ち
6954 ワード
ls
-l:
-: (f)
d:
b: (block)
c: (character)
l: (symbolic link file)
p: (pipe)
s: (socket)
:9 , 3 , :rwx , -
(owner)
(group)
(size),
(timestamp),
:access
:modify。 。
:change。metadata, , 。
-h:human readable,
-a: .
.
..
-A: , . ..
-d:
-i:
index node, inode
-r:
-R: (recursive)
cd:change directory
, ,home directory
cd ~USERNAME:
cd -:
:
(shell )
:
:
path:
o(1): , ,
type:
date:
Linux:rtc,real time clock
ntp:
:
:
help COMMAND
:
COMMAND --help
:manual
man COMMAND:
whatis COMMAND:
: 8
1. (/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin)
2.
3.
4. ( )
5. ( )
6.
7. :miscellaneous
8. (/sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin)
<>:
[]:
|:
{}: ,
man:
name:
synopsis: ,
description: ,
options:
files:
bugs:
examples:
see also:
:
:space
:b
:enter
:k
:
/keyword:
?keyword:
n:
N:
/ ? n N
q:
hwclock -w
hwclock -s
:
info COMMAND
/usr/share/doc
cal:calender
echo
printf
file :
Windows:PE
Linux:ELF
:
rootfs: , , 。
FHS:
/boot: , 、initrd、 grub(bootloader)
/dev:
: , ,
: , ,
: (major) (minor)
/etc:
/home: , /home/USERNAME
/root:
/lib:
:.a
:.dll,.so(shared object)
(/lib/modules)
/media: ,
/mnt: ,
/misc:
/opt: ,
/proc: ,
/sys: , ,
/tmp:
/var:
/bin: ,
/sbin:
/usr:universal shared read-only
/usr/bin
/usr/sbin
/usr/lib
/usr/local:
/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/sbin
/usr/local/lib
:
1. 255
2. /
3.
:
:
ls
cd
pwd
mkdir: ,
-p:
-v:verbose
mkdir -pv /mnt/test/{x/m,y}
:
{a,b}_{c,d} a_c,a_d,b_c,b_d
(a+b)*(c+d)
rmdir(remove directory): ( )
-p:
tree:
touch: ,
-c:
-a:
-m:
-t:
nano:
rm:
-i:
-f:
-r:
cp:copy
SRC DEST
,
,
,
-r/-R
-p: ,
-a: , ,
,
-P:
-i:
mv SRC DEST
-f:
-t: ,
install:
-d: ,-d DIRECTORY...
SRC DEST: ,
-m:
-t: ,
stat:
:
Fedora, Redhat(Centos), SUSE, Debian(Ubuntu, Mint), Gentoo, LFS(Linux From Scratch)
:cat, more, less, head, tail, cut, sort, uniq, grep
:
cat、tac、more、less、head、tail
cat:
-n:
-E:
tac:
:
more: ,b , :
less: , q
head: n
tail: n ,
-f: , ,
:
cut,join,sed,awk
cut:
-d: ,
-f: ,
-f 1,3
-f 1-3
:
sort: ascii ,
-n:
-r:
-t:
-k:
-u:
-f:
sort uniq , , ,
uniq:
-c:
-d:
:wc(word count
wc:
-l:
-c:
-m:
-L:
:
tr:
tr charset1 charset2
,
:
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
-d:
bash :
shell:
GUI:Gnome,KDE,Xfce
CLI:sh,csh,ksh,bash,tcsh,ksh,zsh
linux ,shell
: ,
,
:
bash:
#
$
1. ,
2. 、
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
:
:
ctrl+a:
ctrl+e:
ctrl+d:
ctrl+u:
ctrl+k:
ctrl+l:
:
history:
-c:
-d:
-d 510 3: 510
-w: , .bash_history
:
!n: n
!-n: n
!!:
!string:
!$:
esc,.:
alt+.: ,
:
:path , , , tab
: ,
:
alias CMDALIAS='COMMAND [options] [arguments]'
,
shell
, bash
:
unalias CMDALIAS
,\COMMAND
:$(COMMAND) `COMMAND`,
cmd1 [] [] $(cmd2)
touch /file$(date +%F-%H-%M-%S)
bash :
``:
"": ,
'': ,
:globbing
*:
?:
[]:
[abc],[a-m],[a-zA-Z],[0-9]
[^]:
[:space:]:
[:punct:]:
[:lower:]:
[:upper:]:
[:alpha:]:
[:digit:]:
[:alnum:]:
:
path:
HISTSIZE: , 1000
shell:
shell, pstree
shell:exit
:
ctrl+c
shift+pageup/down:
、 、
(secure context)
:
r,w,x
:
r: , cat
w: ,
x: ,exacutable,
:
r: ls
w:
x: cd , ls -l
rwx:
r--:
r-x:
---:
0 000,---:
1 001,--x:
2 010,-w-:
3 011,-wx:
4 100,r--:
5 101,r-x:
6 110,rw-:
7 111,rwx:
:uid, /etc/passwd
:gid, /etc/group
: /etc/shadow
: /etc/gshadow
:
:uid:0
:uid:1-65535
:uid:1-499,
:uid:500-60000
:
:
: ,
( , , , )
:
:
:
:
account:
password:
uid: id
gid: id
comment:
home dir:
shell: shell
/etc/shadow
account:
encrypted password:
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
:
:
: , (secret key), (public key)
: ,
1. : ,
2. :
md5:Message Digest,128
sha1:Secure Hash Algorithm,160
:
useradd USERNAME
groupadd GRPNAME
useradd, userdel, usermod, passwd, chsh, finger, id, chage
useradd [options] USERNAME
-u uid
-g gid( )
-G GID...( )
-c "COMMENT"
-d /path/to/somewhere
-s /etc/shells/???
/etc/shells: shell
-m -k
:
PATH
HISTSIZE
SHELL
:
groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, gpasswd
:
chown, chgrp, chmod, umask
: